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The Adam's apple or laryngeal prominence, is the lump or protrusion in the human neck formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx seen especially in males.

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Structure[edit]

The structure of the Adam's apple forms a bump under the skin. It is typically larger and noticeable in adult males, because its size in males tends to increase considerably during puberty^[1] as a result of hormonal changes. In females, where it sits on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, the bump is much less visible or not discernible.^[2]

Function[edit]

The Adam's apple, in relation with the thyroid cartilage which forms it, helps protect the walls and the frontal part of the larynx, including the vocal cords (which are located directly behind it).

Another function of the Adam's apple is related to the deepening of the voice. During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size mainly in men. Together, a larger soundboard is made up in phonation apparatus and, as a result, the man gets a deeper voice note.^[3][4]

Society and culture[edit]

Cosmetic surgery to reshape the Adam's apple is called chondrolaryngoplasty (thyroid cartilage reduction). The surgery is effective, such that complications tend to be few and, if present, transient.^[5]

Etymology[edit]

The English phrase 'Adam's apple' is a calque of Latin pomum Adami, which is found in European medical texts from as early as 1600.^[6] The English 'Adam's Apple' is found in a 1662 translation of Thomas Bartholin's 1651 work Anatomia.^[7]

The 1662 citation includes an explanation for the origin of the phrase: a piece of forbidden fruit was supposedly embedded in the throat of Adam, who according to the Abrahamic religions was the first man:^[7]

the common people have a beliefe, that by the judgment of God, a part of that fatal Apple, abode sticking in Adams Throat, and is so communicated to his posterity

This etymology is also proposed by 'Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable' and the 1913 edition of Webster's Dictionary.^[8] The story is not found in the Bible or other Judeo-Christian or Islamic writings.^[9]

Linguist Alexander Gode proposed that the Latin phrase pomum Adami (literally: 'Adam's apple') was a mistranslation of the Hebrew 'tappuach ha adam 'meaning 'male bump'.^[10] The confusion was supposedly due in the fact that in Hebrew language the proper name 'Adam' (אדם) literally means 'man', and the word for 'apple' is similar to the word 'tafuach' which means 'swollen', thus in combination: the swelling of a man.^[11][12]

The medical term 'prominentia laryngea' (laryngeal prominence) was introduced by the Basle Nomina Anatomica in 1895.^[13]

In the American South, goozle is used colloquially to describe the Adam's apple, likely derived from guzzle.^{[14][15][16][17]}

Additional images[edit]

• Laryngeal prominence

• Laryngeal prominence

• Laryngeal prominence

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Prominentia laryngea Medical Term Medical Dictionary'. Medicine Online. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
2. ^'Laringe'. Sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
3. ^P. J. Bentley (1980), 'Endocrine Pharmacology: Physiological Basis and Therapeutic Applications', CUP Archive, pág 240
4. ^'Pubertad, nuestras diferencias'. Esmas.com. Archived from the original on 2004-09-08. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
5. ^Wolfort FG, Dejerine ES, Ramos DJ, Parry RG (1990). 'Chondrolaryngoplasty for appearance'. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 86 (3): 464–9, discussion 470. doi:10.1097/00006534-199009000-00012. PMID2385664.
6. ^du Laurens, André (1600). Historia Anatomica Humani Corporis. Paris. p. 510. Huius supreme pars βρόγχος, quibusdam vulgò morsus & pomum Adami appelatur.
7. ^ ^abBartholin, Thomas (1662) [1651]. Bartholinus Anatomy. Translated by Culpeper, Nicholas; Cole, Abdiah. London: Peter Cole. p. 123. That same bunch which is seen on the foreside of the Neck, is called Adams Apple, because the common people have a beliefe, that by the judgment of God, a part of that fatal Apple, abode sticking in Adams Throat, and is so communicated to his posterity [Protuberantia illa in collo anterius conspicua, dicitur Pomum Adami; [quia vulgo persuasum in Adami faucibus pomi fatalis partem ex pœna Divina remansisse, & ad posteros translatam]]
8. ^E. Cobham Brewer (1810–1897). Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898. 'Adam's Apple'
9. ^George Crabb (1823), 'Universal technological dictionary', Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy, 'Pomum Ada'mi'
10. ^Gode, Alexander (1968-10-28). 'Just Words'. JAMA. 206 (5): 1058.
11. ^William S. Haubrich (2003), 'Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins', ACP Press, pág 5.
12. ^'Adam's apple'. Medicine.academic.ru. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
13. ^Axel Karenberg, Amor, Äskulap & Co.: klassische Mythologie in der Sprache der modernen Medizin, Schattauer, Stuttgart 2006, S. 128-129.
14. ^Morris, Evan (November 2008). 'Goozle « The Word Detective'. The Word Detective. Retrieved 22 December 2014. If we follow 'goozle' back a bit further, we come to an interesting intersection with a far more common word, 'guzzle.'
15. ^Roy Blount Jr. (29 September 2009). Alphabet Juice: The Energies, Gists, and Spirits of Letters, Words, and Combinations Thereof; Their Roots, Bones, Innards, Piths, Pips, and Secret Parts, Tinctures, Tonics, and Essences; With Examples of Their Usage Foul and Savory. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN978-1-4299-6042-7. The Dictionary of Smoky Mountain English defines google (or goozle) as 'the throat, Adam's apple.'
16. ^Roy Wilder (1 September 1998). You All Spoken Here. University of Georgia Press. p. 55. ISBN978-0-8203-2029-8. Adam's apple; goozle; the projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck.
17. ^'Goozle'. Dictionary of American Regional English. Harvard College. Retrieved 28 November 2020. The throat as a whole, or spec the gullet, windpipe, or Adam’s apple. chiefly South, South Midland

External links[edit]

• Media related to Laryngeal prominence at Wikimedia Commons
• lesson11 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)

Ask the Internet why the bump on the front of our necks is called an 'Adam's apple' and you'll most likely get a tale that sweeps you back to the Garden of Eden just in time to see the Bible's first man, Adam, choke on a bite of forbidden apple that the first woman, Eve, has convinced him to taste (having herself been tempted to nibble by an evil serpent). According to the story, God made a chunk of apple get stuck in Adam's throat as a reminder of his sin—and the reminder was then passed on to all men ever after, with the moniker 'Adam's apple' attached to make sure no one forgets.

But the common wisdom of the Internet is wrong on this one. The name of the bump on the front of the neck—which is found in all humans but is usually more prominent in men—has nothing to do with Adam or Eve or the Garden of Eden.

Note to self: eat more fruit.

The term Adam's apple (or technically 'laryngeal protuberance,' formed by the largest cartilage of the larynx) has been used in English since at least 1625. It goes by analogous names in other European languages, among them French (pomme d'Adam; the French also use morceau d'Adam—'Adam's morsel'); Italian (pomo d'Adamo); and German (Adamsapfel). But decades before (and after) Adam's apple came to refer to that anatomical item, it was used as a term for several edible items of the fruit variety, among them plantains, pomelos, and citrons. This rather (from a modern perspective, anyway) willy-nilly application of the term was in keeping with a habit that dates at least to medieval times, when European writers used Latin variations on the same theme—pomum Adam, pomum Adami, Adami pomum, etc. —for various fruits, among them the cherished pomegranate. The implication was likely that the vaunted fruit belonged in the category of those 'fruits of Paradise' supposed to have been enjoyed in the long-lost Eden.

Meanwhile, medieval Arab medical writers were dealing with throat anatomy by way of analogy with the same fruit, and they settled on 'pomegranate' as a name for the laryngeal protuberance. What inspired the name is unknown. Was it physical resemblance—did the texture of the skin of the pomegranate remind them of the texture of the skin covering the protuberance? Or was it something symbolic? The pomegranate has long been a potent symbol in literature and religion: the biblical King Solomon had an orchard of pomegranates; in Greek mythology, it was Persephone's act of eating a single pomegranate seed in the underworld that doomed her forever to spend 1/3 of every year in Hades; and the prophet Muhammad reportedly recommended pomegranates: 'Eat the pomegranate, for it purges the system of envy and hatred.'

Whatever the reason the medical writers had for calling the laryngeal protuberance a 'pomegranate,' it's likely that European writers saw that designation in its Latin translation, pomum granatum, and then applied the synonymous Latin pomum Adami to the same body part. The author of a late 16th century anatomical work reports that both pomegranate and Adam's apple were being used in the common language to refer to the larynx: '…partem protuberantem, que malum granatum et pomum Adami barbaris dicitur constituit.' Other authors from the same time period also give pomum Adami as the Latinization of the vernacular name Adam's apple. Proving that making up stories to explain word origins is nothing new, we have 300-year-old explanations that mirror the Internet's current batch. An explanation by one John Purcell in 1707 goes as follows:

… an eminence or protuberance plain to be felt and seen in the neck, which several anatomists call Pomum Adami or, the Apple of Adam, from a vulgar superstitious notion that when Adam eat the forbidden Apple it stuck in his Throat, and that God to perpetuate the memory of this his offence plac'd the like protuberance in the throats of all his posterity; which is not quite so apparent in Women, because, say they, the Crime of Eve was less….'

To which we say: No, Mr. Purcell, it's called an Adam's apple because the Latin term that translates to English as 'Adam's apple' used to be a term for a pomegranate.

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Um. But yes, Internet, that's the real story. Hard to explain, maybe, but true.

One additional note: there's another theory that says that pomum Adami is a translation of a Medieval Hebrew phrase tappūăḥ ha'ādhām, meaning 'protuberance on a man,' and that this phrase was reinterpreted as 'Adam's apple.' We're afraid that this theory, which dates to the 19th century, has no basis in fact: no such expression with this meaning has been located in pre-Modern Hebrew.

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