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Explore the world of Mac. Check out MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, iMac, Mac mini, and more. Visit the Apple site to learn, buy, and get support. Hence, gamma 2.2 is the standard gamma setting for Windows and has been the standard gamma setting on Apple computers since Mac OS 10.6 (prior versions of the Mac OS used gamma 1.8) since computer displays assume a bright, daytime viewing condition. Gamma 2.35 & 2.4 – This gamma setting is generally used for darker viewing conditions.

HP 29C

HP calculators are various calculators manufactured by the Hewlett-Packard company over the years.

Their desktop models included the HP 9800 series, while their handheld models started with the HP-35. Their focus has been on high-end scientific, engineering and complex financial uses.

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History[edit]

In the 1960s, Hewlett-Packard was becoming a diversified electronics company with product lines in electronic test equipment, scientific instrumentation, and medical electronics, and was just beginning its entry into computers. The corporation recognized two opportunities: it might be possible to automate the instrumentation that HP was producing, and HP's customer base were likely to buy a product that could replace the slide rules and adding machines that they were now using for computation.

With this in mind, HP built the HP 9100 desktop scientific calculator. This was a full-featured calculator that included not only standard 'adding machine' functions but also powerful capabilities to handle floating-point numbers, trigonometric functions, logarithms, exponentiation, and square roots.

This new calculator was well received by the customer base, but William Hewlett saw additional opportunities if the desktop calculator could be made small enough to fit into his shirt pocket. He charged his engineers with this exact goal using the size of his shirt pocket as a guide.^{[citation needed]} The result was the HP-35 calculator. This calculator provided functionality that was revolutionary for a pocket calculator at that time.^{[citation needed]}

Through the years, HP released several calculators that varied in their mathematical capabilities, programmability, and I/O capabilities. Some of them could be used (via HP-IL) to control the instruments other Hewlett Packard divisions produced.

Characteristics[edit]

HP calculators are well known for their use of Reverse Polish Notation (RPN).

Programmable HP calculators allow users to create their own programs.

Calculators[edit]

Below are some of HP's handheld calculator models produced over the years, in numeric rather than chronological order:

Product	Year	Description
HP 9g	2003	Graphing calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.^[1]
HP 9s	2002	Scientific calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc., with the same form factor as the 9g and the 30S
HP-10	1977	Basic four-function calculator with printer and conventional arithmetic entry (no RPN).
HP-10B	1987	Financial calculator
HP-10C	1982	Range entry calculator, Scientific Programmable, statistical functions.
HP-11C	1981	Scientific Programmable, including hyperbolics, gamma function, statistical functions, and random number generation.
HP-10s	2007	A scientific calculator with more than 240 built-in functions, with 2 lines × 10 digits LCD.
HP-12C	1981	The finance-centric programmable calculator from the Voyager series introduced in the 1980s. The longest running product in the HP calculator line, it remains in production.
HP-15C	1982	Advanced Scientific Programmable, including hyperbolics, gamma function, combinatorial and statistical functions, random number generation, numerical integration, numerical root finding, plus comprehensive matrix operations and full support for complex numbers.
HP-16C	1982	Computer science programmable calculator that could perform binary arithmetic, base-conversion (decimal, and binary, octal, and hexadecimal) and boolean-logic functions.
HP-17B	1988	Financial calculator superseding the 12C, with two-line display, alphanumerics and sophisticated Solve functions rather than step programming. Uses the Saturn chip set.
HP-18C	1986	RPL clamshell business calculator.
HP-19B	1988	Financial calculator.
HP-19C	1977	Calculator with RPN and built-in thermal printer. Included a programming language with looping and branching.
HP 20b	2008	Financial calculator with RPN.
HP-20S	1988	A basic scientific calculator, using infix notation, barely programmable and with no graphing capabilities.
HP-21	1975	Scaled-down HP-25.
HP-25	1975	Smaller programmable model with programs up to 49 steps. Version HP-25C was first calculator with 'continuous memory'.
HP-27S	1988	The first HP pocket calculator to use algebraic notation only rather than RPN. It was a 'do all' calculator that included algebraic solver like the HP-18C, statistical, probability and time/value of money calculations. It had approximately 7 kilobytes of programmable memory which could be used for formulas or notes. The two-push 6-key letter typing system was fairly fast after a learning period.^[2]
HP-28C	1987	RPN scientific graphing calculator. First HP graphing calculator, and introduced the Forth-like RPL, programmable keys, and symbolic equation solving, with 2 KB of user memory. Book-style design (flip-open cover) with keys on both interior halves.
HP-28S	1988	Expansion of HP-28C; 32 KB of user memory due to customers unexpectedly keeping programs in memory for extended periods. Introduced a file system for storing variables, functions, and user programs in the form of a multi-level tree. Like the HP-28C, this model used the 'open-book' physical design. Functionally a direct predecessor to the HP-48 series, which returned to a more traditional physical design based on the HP-41.
HP-29C	1977	Programmable calculator with RPN. Included a programming language with looping and branching. An inexpensive variation on the 19C printer.
HP 30b	2010	Programmable Financial calculator released in 2010. Built in Black-Scholes Equation, FMRR and MIRR. Powered by ARM processor. Multiple input methods including RPN, chain algebraic, and normal.
HP 30s	2000	Calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
HP-32E	1978	Scientific non-programmable
HP-32S	1988	Scientific programmable, updated to HP-32SII
HP 33s	2003	Calculator designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc. Successor to the HP-32SII.
HP-33C	1978	Scientific Programmable—successor to the HP-25 and HP-25C.
HP-34C	1979	Scientific Programmable calculator. First with integration and Root Finding.
HP-35	1972	HP's first pocket calculator, and the world's first pocket calculator with transcendental functions. As such, it is regarded as the first 'scientific' calculator.
HP 35s	2007	Introduced to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the HP-35, it is an advanced scientific programmable calculator, featuring algebraic and RPN modes, hyperbolics, statistics, numerical integration, numerical solver, random number generation, equations, and full programmability, using up to 32 Kb of RAM for programs and data.
HP 38G	1995	A simplified graphic model, using infix notation.
HP 39G	2000	A successor to the HP-38, using infix notation.
HP 39gs	2006	A successor to the HP 38G. It does not support RPN.
HP 39gII	2011	A successor to the HP 39gs. Nearly identical in features but with a high-resolution screen and internationalized for the Chinese market.
HP 40G series	2000	A successor to the HP 38G, using infix notation. The 40G is identical to the 39G but adds a computer algebra system.
HP-41 series	1979	Three models in this series were released over its lifetime, the 41C, 41CV, and 41CX. The 41C had user configurable program steps and memory registers, alpha-numeric display, user programmable key mappings, and four expansion ports that could hold additional memory, an interface to HP-IL peripherals, a magnetic card reader–writer, or commercial application programs. The 41CV quintupled the amount of base memory, and the 41CX added a clock and some additional functions and memory.
HP-42S	1988	A non-expandable follow-up to the HP-41 series. It included a two line display (dot addressable) and featured built-in matrix and complex number mathematics.
HP-45	1973	Improved version of the HP-35 with 10 memory registers, extra functions and display format selection.
HP 48 series	1990	Programmable graphic calculators, initially the SX and a year later the cheaper S, and three years later the G and GX with a faster processor and more graphical interface; SX and GX versions had expansion slots. Based on the functionality of the HP-28S, but with a return to a traditional appearance (similar to the HP-41 series). Historically one of the most popular models among engineers. Uses a filesystem first introduced on the HP-28S. Has a real-time clock and an operating system with programmable-action alarms, which could turn on the calculator and run arbitrary user programs at a user-specified time & frequency.
HP 49/50 series	1999	Enhanced, graphic versions of the HP 48 series. Later models designed by Kinpo Electronics, Inc.
HP 50g	2006	The latest member of the HP 49 series. Faster (ARM processor), larger display, and ability to read/write removable SD memory cards.
HP-55	1975	Lower cost version of the HP-65; no magnetic card reader, only 49 programming steps, but had 20 registers instead of just nine. Only model with an accurate (quartz crystal) stopwatch mode.
HP-65	1974	First programmable pocket calculator. Programs could be up to 100 steps in length and could be written to or read from magnetic strips.
HP-67	1976	Improved version of the HP-65.
HP-71B	1984	Handheld model natively programmable in an extended BASIC language including a RAM-based filesystem, recursion, multiline user-defined functions and subprogram calling with parameter passing, but also capable of accepting plug-in ROM modules to provide such functionalities as full I/O capabilities to any type of device (printers, mass storage, measurement instruments), programmability in other languages (Forth, Assembler), advanced math capabilities (such as matrix operations, support for complex numbers, multidimensional numerical integration and root finding, Fast Fourier Transforms, etc.), and an advanced Calculator Mode capable of executing algebraic expressions one step at a time and undoing individual steps.
HP-80	1973	HP's second handheld calculator, designed for business and including functions for Time Value Of Money , Sum of Digits depreciation and similar.^[3]
HP-97	1977	Desktop and printing version of the HP-67.
HP Prime	2013	A 'smartphone competitor' with a 3+1⁄2-inch color touch screen, 'apps', CAS and exam feature that allows both selection of RPN vs. Algebraic vs. textbook and exam format for use on the SAT. Includes several new features such as color graphing animation and wireless (dongle) connectivity.

References[edit]

^'Kinpo Electronics, Inc'. www.kinpo.com.tw.
^'HP-27S'. www.hpmuseum.org.
^HP-80, The Museum of HP Calculators

External links[edit]

HPMuseum.org Museum of slide rules and significant HP calculators
HPCalc.org Information about and software for HP programmable calculators
MyCalcDB HP calculators list.
Calc Pages Articles and programs for classic HP calculators
Programmable Calculators Pictures, specifications, and details for most HP calculator
The HPDATAbase, a collection of data about all HP calculators
wiki4hp. Community driven wiki about HP calculators and related resources.

Simulators[edit]

HP12C Simulator Web based
HP15C Simulator for Windows (XP and following), Mac OS X (Intel) and Linux (x86)
HP25C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
HP29C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
HP33C Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
HP67 Simulator for Windows NT/2K/XP and Vista (32 bit only)
HP97 Simulator for Windows XP and Vista (32 bit only)
Nonpareil free source HP simulator set for Linux, Mac OS X and Windows
nonpareil for Mac OS X
debug4x ?
x49gp for Unix machines
HP emulators for the PC
The RPN/RPL Implementations list includes many simulators
HP Calculator emulators, 12c, 15c, 42s, 48GX, etc. for iPhone and iPad (by various developers)

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HP_calculators&oldid=986951709'

Amaya keyboard shortcuts for Mac OSX

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Amaya defines two kinds of keyboard shortcuts for Mac OS X: shortcuts usingstandard Apple modifier keys (ex. Cmd+C to copy the selection) and shortcutsusing sequences (ex. Ctrl-t Ctrl-t to create a table). As Mac OS X users arenot familiar with shortcut sequences in menu entries, only standard shortcutsare shown by default. To display them, you have to select the optionDisplay all shortcuts in thePreferences > General dialog and restart Amaya.

Standard Shortcuts

Command	Shortcut
Navigation
Go To home	Alt Home
Start of page	Cmd Home
End of page	Cmd End
Start of line	Home
End of line	End
Scroll down	Cmd Down Arrow
Scroll up	Cmd Up Arrow
File menu
Open document	Cmd O
Reload	Cmd R
Back	Alt Left Arrow
Forward	Alt Right Arrow
Save	Cmd S
Save as	Cmd Shift S
Synchronize	Cmd Y
Setup and print	Cmd P
Print	Cmd Shift P
Close tab	Cmd W
Close window	Cmd Shift W
Edit menu
Undo	Cmd Z
Redo	Cmd Shift Z
Cut	Cmd X
Copy	Cmd C
Paste	Cmd V
Delete	Delete
Find	Cmd F
Nest list items	Tab
Move up list items	Shift Tab
Structure navigation
Parent element	F2 (or Fn F2)
First child	Shift F2 (or Shift Fn F2)
Next element	F4 (or Fn F4)
Previous element	Shift F4 (or Shift Fn F4)
Views menu
Show tools	F8
Zoom in	Cmd +
Zoom out	Cmd -
Show map areas	Shift Cmd M
Show targets	Shift Cmd G
Show structure	Shift Cmd R
Show source	Shift Cmd U
Show links	Shift Cmd L
Show alternate	Shift Cmd A
Show table of contents	Shift Cmd T
Split view horizontally	Shift Cmd H
Split view vertically	Shift Cmd V
Insert menu
Paragraph	Cmd Shift Return
Break	Cmd Return
Tools menu
Check spelling	Cmd :

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Shortcut using sequences

Command	Shortcut
Insert menu
Map Area	Ctrl h Ctrl m
Preformatted	Ctrl h Ctrl p
Address	Ctrl h Ctrl a
Horizontal Rule	Ctrl h Ctrl h
Image	Ctrl h Ctrl i
Division	Ctrl h Ctrl v
Blockquote	Ctrl h Ctrl q
Ruby	Ctrl h Ctrl r
Comment	Ctrl h Ctrl c
Heading menu
Heading 1	Ctrl h Ctrl 1
Heading 2	Ctrl h Ctrl 2
Heading 3	Ctrl h Ctrl 3
Heading 4	Ctrl h Ctrl 4
Heading 5	Ctrl h Ctrl 5
Heading 6	Ctrl h Ctrl 6
List menu
Bulleted List	Ctrl h Ctrl l
Numbered List	Ctrl h Ctrl n
Definition List	Ctrl h Ctrl d
Form menu
Insert a Form	Ctrl o Ctrl f
Button	Ctrl o Ctrl b
Checkbox	Ctrl o Ctrl t
File Selector	Ctrl o Ctrl u
Hidden	Ctrl o Ctrl h
Image	Ctrl o Ctrl m
Password	Ctrl o Ctrl p
Radio	Ctrl o Ctrl r
Reset	Ctrl o Ctrl x
Submit	Ctrl o Ctrl s
Text	Ctrl o Ctrl i
Fieldset	Ctrl o Ctrl c
Label	Ctrl o Ctrl l
Menu	Ctrl o Ctrl n
Submenu	Ctrl o Ctrl g
Textarea	Ctrl o Ctrl a
Object menu
Object	Ctrl h Ctrl o
Parameter	Ctrl h Ctrl w
Table and Edit table menus
Table	Ctrl t Ctrl t
Caption	Ctrl t Ctrl l
Change to Data cell	Ctrl t Ctrl d
Change to Heading cell	Ctrl t Ctrl h
Join with the cell at the right	Ctrl t Ctrl e
Join with the cell below	Ctrl t Ctrl j
Shrink horizontal extend	Ctrl t Ctrl s
Shrink vertical extend	Ctrl t Ctrl m
Select the row	Ctrl t Ctrl r
Insert a row	Ctrl t Ctrl i
Append a row	Ctrl t Ctrl n
Select the column	Ctrl t Ctrl c
Insert a column	Ctrl t Ctrl b
Append a column	Ctrl t Ctrl a
Paste before	Ctrl t Ctrl p
Paste after	Ctrl t Ctrl v
Information Type menu
Emphasis	Ctrl i Ctrl e
Strong	Ctrl i Ctrl s
Cite	Ctrl i Ctrl w
Definition	Ctrl i Ctrl x
Code	Ctrl i Ctrl t
Variable	Ctrl i Ctrl v
Sample	Ctrl i Ctrl m
Keyboard	Ctrl i Ctrl k
Abbreviation	Ctrl i Ctrl u
Acronym	Ctrl i Ctrl y
Insertion	Ctrl i Ctrl i
Deletion	Ctrl i Ctrl d
Character element menu
Quotation	Ctrl i Ctrl q
BiDi override	Ctrl i Ctrl z
Math menu
Insert a formula	Ctrl m Ctrl m
New matrix	Ctrl m Ctrl h
Plain text	Ctrl m Ctrl x
Identifier	Ctrl m Ctrl d
Number	Ctrl m Ctrl n
Operator	Ctrl m Ctrl g
Space	Ctrl m Ctrl Space
Character	Ctrl m Ctrl e
InvisibleTimes	Ctrl m Ctrl i
ApplyFunction	Ctrl m Ctrl a
Root	Ctrl m Ctrl r
Square root	Ctrl m Ctrl q
Enclose	Ctrl m Ctrl c
Fraction	Ctrl m Ctrl f
Subscript and Superscript	Ctrl m Ctrl b
Subscript	Ctrl m Ctrl v
Superscript	Ctrl m Ctrl 6
Under and Over	Ctrl m Ctrl k
Under	Ctrl m Ctrl u
Over	Ctrl m Ctrl o
Parentheses	Ctrl m Ctrl p
Multiscripts	Ctrl m Ctrl s
Palette math
Structure row	Ctrl m Ctrl l
Piecewise	Ctrl m Ctrl j
Matrix	Ctrl m Ctrl t
Factorial	Ctrl m Ctrl !
Universal quantifier	Ctrl M Ctrl A
Complexes	Ctrl M Ctrl C
Differential	Ctrl M Ctrl D
Partial differential	Ctrl M Ctrl d
There exists	Ctrl M Ctrl E
Arrow	Ctrl M Ctrl F
Arrow with base	Ctrl M Ctrl f
Greater than or equal	Ctrl M Ctrl G
Integral	Ctrl M Ctrl I
Special integral	Ctrl M Ctrl i
Imply	Ctrl M Ctrl J
Equivalent to	Ctrl M Ctrl j
Less or equal	Ctrl M Ctrl L
Application	Ctrl M Ctrl M
Naturals	Ctrl M Ctrl N
Negation	Ctrl M Ctrl n
Product from ... to ...	Ctrl M Ctrl P
Product	Ctrl M Ctrl p
Rationnals	Ctrl M Ctrl Q
Reals	Ctrl M Ctrl R
Sum from ... to ...	Ctrl M Ctrl S
Sum	Ctrl M Ctrl s
Tend to ...	Ctrl M Ctrl T
Tend to ... when ... tend to ...	Ctrl M Ctrl t
Union	Ctrl M Ctrl U
Column vector	Ctrl M Ctrl V
Line vector	Ctrl M Ctrl v
Is in	Ctrl M Ctrl Y
Includes	Ctrl M Ctrl y
Relative numbers	Ctrl M Ctrl Z
Alphabet grec
alpha : α, Α	Ctrl g Ctrl a / Ctrl G Ctrl A
beta : β, Β	Ctrl g Ctrl b / Ctrl G Ctrl B
gamma : γ, Γ	Ctrl g Ctrl c / Ctrl G Ctrl C
delta : δ, Δ	Ctrl g Ctrl d / Ctrl G Ctrl D
epsilon : ε, Ε	Ctrl g Ctrl e / Ctrl G Ctrl E
zeta : ζ, Ζ	Ctrl g Ctrl z / Ctrl G Ctrl Z
eta : η, Η	Ctrl g Ctrl h / Ctrl G Ctrl H
theta : θ, Θ	Ctrl g Ctrl j / Ctrl G Ctrl J
iota : ι, Ι	Ctrl g Ctrl i / Ctrl G Ctrl I
kappa : κ, Κ	Ctrl g Ctrl k / Ctrl G Ctrl K
lambda : λ, Λ	Ctrl g Ctrl l / Ctrl G Ctrl L
mu : μ, Μ	Ctrl g Ctrl m / Ctrl G Ctrl M
nu : ν, Ν	Ctrl g Ctrl n / Ctrl G Ctrl N
xi : ξ, Ξ	Ctrl g Ctrl q / Ctrl G Ctrl Q
omicron : ο, Ο	Ctrl g Ctrl o / Ctrl G Ctrl O
pi : π, Π	Ctrl g Ctrl p / Ctrl G Ctrl P
rho : ρ, Ρ	Ctrl g Ctrl r / Ctrl G Ctrl R
sigma : σ, Σ	Ctrl g Ctrl s / Ctrl G Ctrl S
tau : τ, Τ	Ctrl g Ctrl t / Ctrl G Ctrl T
upsilon : υ, Υ	Ctrl g Ctrl u / Ctrl G Ctrl U
phi : φ, Φ	Ctrl g Ctrl f / Ctrl G Ctrl F
chi : χ, Χ	Ctrl g Ctrl x / Ctrl G Ctrl X
psi : ψ, Ψ	Ctrl g Ctrl y / Ctrl G Ctrl Y
omega : ω, Ω	Ctrl g Ctrl w / Ctrl G Ctrl W
Links menu
Copy location	Ctrl l Ctrl c
Link to previous target	Ctrl l Ctrl p
Create or change link	Ctrl l Ctrl l
Create target	Ctrl l Ctrl t
Delete anchor	Ctrl l Ctrl d
Format menu
Create rule	Ctrl i Ctrl c
Show applied style	Ctrl i Ctrl g
Link	Ctrl i Ctrl l
Open	Ctrl i Ctrl o
Remove	Ctrl i Ctrl r
Tools menu
Transform	Ctrl t Ctrl x
Change title	Ctrl h Ctrl t
Generate table of contents	Ctrl h Ctrl g
Graphics menu
Show the graphic library	Ctrl l Ctrl s
Add the selected graphics in the library	Ctrl l Ctrl f